Publication Date

8-2023

Date of Final Oral Examination (Defense)

June 2023

Type of Culminating Activity

Thesis

Degree Title

Master of Science in Civil Engineering

Department

Civil Engineering

Major Advisor

Arvin Farid, P.E., Ph.D.

Advisor

Bhaskar Chittoori, Ph.D., PE

Advisor

Qifei Niu, Ph.D.

Abstract

Liquefaction is a geohazard causing loss of lives and infrastructure around the world. During earthquakes the shaking of the ground may cause a loss of soil strength that results in the settlement of buildings, landslides, failure of earth dams, amongst other hazards (Liquefaction of Soils During Earthquakes, 1985). Liquefaction is the result of a sudden increase in the pore-water pressure (PWP)— referred to as excess pore-water pressure (EPWP)— in loose, saturated, noncohesive, fine soils during seismic shaking. Due to the small pores and low hydraulic conductivity of these soils, the shaking-induced EPWP has less time to dissipate, leading to the loss of the effective stress and, in turn, frictional shear strength of the soil (referred to as liquefaction). If a soil’s hydraulic conductivity could be increased during seismic shaking, ample time would be afforded for EPWP dissipation. A potential theory, introduced by our research team, is that electromagnetic (EM) waves can increase granular soils’ hydraulic conductivity. This increase can potentially lead to liquefaction mitigation.

This research investigates the relationship between hydraulic conductivity and EPWP buildup, evaluates EM waves’ impact on the EPWP buildup by modifying hydraulic conductivity, and evaluates the potential of EM-induced liquefaction mitigation.

Hydraulic conductivity measurement was performed on natural sand. A series of tests were conducted within a customized box featuring two inner flexible walls (to enable shear deformation) constructed of Plexiglas. Constant-head, ASTM-D2434 (2010) tests were performed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of natural sand samples. All sides of the box containing samples were covered with transparent electrically conductive films, and the medium was excited with electromagnetic waves of various frequencies and power levels— using a radio frequency (RF) signal generator and RF amplifier—to alter the hydraulic conductivity of the soil.

To simulate an earthquake, a shaking table, measuring 11.76 cm × 152.4 cm × 3.81 cm (44 in. × 60 in. × 1.5 in.) excited by a programmable signal generator, was utilized. Additionally, a pore-pressure transducer measured the PWP during experiments. Various experiments were used to evaluate the frequencies and acceleration at which liquefaction occurred. The process was repeated, maintaining consistent seismic frequency and acceleration, to induce excitation of the medium and elevate hydraulic conductivity. Concurrently, the rise of EPWP, the occurrence of liquefaction, and the extent of soil settlement were measured and monitored.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18122/td.2108.boisestate

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