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Document Type

Abstract

Publication Date

1-14-2026

Abstract

This study applies one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping (SPM1d) to analyze the effects of exercise-induced fatigue on lower limb biomechanics during the landing phase of two high-risk backhand smash movements in female badminton players. It aims to reveal fatigue-induced changes in movement patterns and differences between the two actions, providing scientific insights for performance optimization, injury prevention, and training interventions. Thirteen female elite badminton players were recruited. A fatigue protocol based on a badminton-specific speed test was applied, and SPM1d was used to analyze kinematic and kinetic data before and after fatigue. After fatigue, significant increases were observed in hip coronal range of motion (ROM) (P = 0.024), knee valgus angle (P = 0.037), and trunk lateral tilt (P = 0.012), with significant decreases in hip abduction angle (P = 0.024) and trunk forward flexion (P = 0.048). When comparing the backward jump smash (BRJS) to the lateral jump smash (BLJS), significant differences were found in ankle (sagittal P = 0.006, horizontal P = 0.006) and hip (sagittal P < 0.001, horizontal P < 0.001) ROM, ankle external rotation angle (P = 0.047), knee flexion angle (P = 0.049), hip abduction angle (P = 0.002), trunk forward flexion angle (P = 0.042), ankle inversion torque (P = 0.048), internal rotation torque (P < 0.001), knee inversion torque (P = 0.003), external rotation torque (P = 0.019), hip adduction torque (P = 0.003), and forward ground reaction force (GRF) (P = 0.05), all of which were significantly greater in BRJS. However, BRJS showed significantly smaller hip flexion angle (P = 0.014), hip extension torque (P = 0.019), hip internal rotation torque (P = 0.046), knee extension torque (P = 0.024), trunk lateral tilt (P = 0.004), lateral GRF (P < 0.001), and vertical GRF (P = 0.003) compared to BLJS (1) The increase in knee valgus angle, trunk flexion angle, and lateral tilt angle, as well as the decrease in hip abduction angle caused by exercise-induced fatigue, increases the risk of ACL injuries in the lower limbs. (2) Both high-risk smash landings pose injury risks. In BRJS, increased ankle inversion/internal rotation torques heighten ankle sprain risk, while higher forward GRF and knee valgus torque raise ACL injury risk. In BLJS, greater medial GRF increases ankle sprain risk, whereas higher knee extension torque, trunk lateral tilt, and reduced knee/trunk flexion elevate ACL injury risk.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18122/ijpah.5.1.82.boisestate

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