Document Type

Article

Publication Date

6-2025

Abstract

Limited research has explored the use of visual displays (ViDis) in science tests, making it challenging to know how these tests align with classroom instruction and what skills students need to be successful on these tests. Therefore, the current study aims to describe the use of ViDis in upper elementary grade standardized science tests. We quantified the frequency, types, and functions of ViDis in science tests in 23 states and Washington, DC. Findings show that in the 741 test items examined, 74.5% included ViDis. Tables, diagrams, and images are the most common ViDis. Importantly, 42.1% of the ViDis in the test questions and 59.3% of the ViDis in the test answers provide essential information for correctly answering the questions. We provide implications for teachers and researchers.

Copyright Statement

This is an author-produced, peer-reviewed version of this article. The final, definitive version of this document can be found online at The Elementary School Journal, published by The University of Chicago Press. Copyright restrictions may apply. https://doi.org/10.1086/735451

Available for download on Monday, June 01, 2026

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